Seroprevalence Pattern of Herpes Simplex Viruses (HSV-1 & 2) among STI Vulnerable Women Population
International STD Research & Reviews,
Page 11-24
DOI:
10.9734/ISRR/2022/v11i130136
Abstract
Background: Genital infections caused by Herpes Simplex viruses are viewed as the indicators of sexual network in the society. Most of the infections caused by these viruses are asymptomatic and underdiagnosed.
Aim: To investigate the seroprevalences of HSV-1 and HSV-2 among the STI vulnerable women and correlate them with clinical infections and other co-viral STIs.
Study design: A cross sectional retrospective study was conducted on female contacts of HIV / STI positive male partners, who were consulting the STD clinics of NGOs and OP section of STD department of Government hospital in Chennai, India between October 2006 and September 2008.
Methodology: The study included 138 STI vulnerable women along with age matched control group from whom socio-demographic and clinical data were collected. Serological screening was performed using ELISA for detection of IgM and IgG antibodies to HSV types 1 and 2 and co-positivities to HIV, HBV, HCV and CMV. Statistical analysis of results was carried out using Chi-square test.
Results: Overall seroprevalences of 79.71% and 74.32% were recorded respectively for HSV-1 and HSV-2 among the study group. Proportionate increase in symptomatic cases were observed with individuals showing seropositivities to anti-HSV-1/2 IgM, IgM+IgG (combined) and IgG antibodies, which correlated respectively with primary, reactivated and episodic infections. Observation of symptomatic cases among HSV-1 (48.0% vs. 4.05%) and HSV-2 (68.29% vs. 25.0%) IgG positive study and control groups corroborated the sexual transmission of these viruses. Significant percentages of co-positivities to other viral STIs were recorded with higher preponderance among HSV-2 seropositive individuals than those of HSV-1.
Conclusion: Comprehensive serological screening and its correlation with the clinical data would be very helpful in demonstrating the impact of HSV infections. Wide screening of STI vulnerable women is necessary to estimate the actual burden of STIs and to adopt preventive intervention.
Keywords:
- HSV
- seroprevalence
- STI
- HIV
- symptomatic
- seropositivity
How to Cite
References
DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(00)04638-9
Strick L, Wald A. Type-specific testing for herpes simplex virus. Expert Rev Mol Diag. 2004;4(4):443–53.
DOI: 10.1586/14737159.4.4.443
Glinšek Biškup U, Uršič T, Petrovec M. Laboratory diagnosis and epidemiology of herpes simplex 1 and 2 genital infections. Acta Dermatovenerologica Alpina Pannonica et Adriatica. 2015;24(2).
DOI: 10.15570/actaapa.2015.9
Looker KJ, Magaret AS, May MT, Turner KME, Vickerman P, Gottlieb SL, et al. Global and Regional Estimates of Prevalent and Incident Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Infections in 2012. PLOS ONE. 2015;10(10): e0140765.
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140765
Steiner I, Kennedy PG. Herpes simplex virus latent infection in the nervous system. J Neurovirol. 1995;1(1):19–29.
DOI: 10.3109/13550289509111007
Steiner I, Benninger F. Update on Herpes Virus Infections of the Nervous System. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep. 2013;13(12).
DOI: 10.1007/s11910-013-0414-8
Corey L, Spear PG. Infections with Herpes Simplex Viruses. New Eng J Med. 1986;314(11):686–91.
DOI: 10.1056/nejm198603133141105
Garland SM, Steben M. Genital herpes. Best Practice & Res ClinObstet Gynaecol. 2014 Oct;28(7):1098–110.
DOI: 10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2014.07.015
Wald A, Link K. Risk of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection in Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2–Seropositive Persons: A Meta‐analysis. J Infect Dis. 2002;185(1):45–52.
DOI: 10.1086/338231
Hofstetter AM, Rosenthal SL, Stanberry LR. Current thinking on genital herpes. Curr Opinion Infect Dis. 2014;27(1): 75–83.
DOI: 10.1097/qco.0000000000000029
Sauerbrei A, Schmitt S, Scheper T, Brandstädt A, Saschenbrecker S, Motz M, et al. Seroprevalence of herpes simplex virus type 1 and type 2 in Thuringia, Germany, 1999 to 2006. Eurosurveillance. 2011;16(44).
DOI: 10.2807/ese.16.44.20005-en
Smith JS, Robinson NJ. Age‐Specific Prevalence of Infection with Herpes Simplex Virus Types 2 and 1: A Global Review. J Infecti Dis. 2002;186(s1): S3–S28.
DOI: 10.1086/343739
Malary M, Abedi G, Hamzehgardeshi Z, Afshari M, Moosazadeh M, et al. The prevalence of herpes simplex virus type 1 and 2 infections in Iran: A meta-analysis. Int J Rep BioMed. 2016;14(10):615–24.
DOI: 10.29252/ijrm.14.10.615
Kramer M, Uitenbroek D, Ujcic-Voortman J, Pfrommer C, Spaargaren J, Coutinho RA, et al. Ethnic differences in HSV1 and HSV2 seroprevalence in Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Eurosurveillance. 2008; 13(24).
DOI: 10.2807/ese.13.24.18904-en
Khadr L, Harfouche M, Omori R, Schwarzer G, Chemaitelly H, Abu-Raddad LJ. The Epidemiology of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 in Asia: Systematic Review, Meta-analyses, and Meta-regressions. Clin Infect Dis. 2018;68(5):757–72.
DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciy562
Weiss H. Epidemiology of herpes simplex virus type 2 infection in the developing world. Herpes: J IHMF. 2004;11:24A-35A.
Marchi S, Trombetta CM, Gasparini R, Temperton N, Montomoli E. Epidemiology of herpes simplex virus type 1 and 2 in Italy: a seroprevalence study from 2000 to 2014. J Preven Med Hyg. 2017;58(1):E27.
Sanchez-Aleman MA, Del Villar-Tapia YG, Gutierrez JP, Garcia-Cisneros S, Olamendi-Portugal ML, Herrera-Ortiz A, et al. Heterogeneity of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 Seroprevalence from a National Probability Survey in Mexico, 2012. Sex Transm Dis. 2018;45(2):111–7.
DOI: 10.1097/olq.0000000000000702
Abu-Raddad LJ, Schiffer JT, Ashley R, Mumtaz G, Alsallaq RA, Akala FA, et al. HSV-2 serology can be predictive of HIV epidemic potential and hidden sexual risk behavior in the Middle East and North Africa. Epidemics. 2010;2(4):173–82.
DOI: 10.1016/j.epidem.2010.08.003
Dargham SR, Nasrallah GK, Al-Absi ES, Mohammed LI, Al-Disi RS, Nofal MY, et al. Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 Seroprevalence Among Different National Populations of Middle East and North African Men. Sex Transm Dis. 2018;45(7):482–7.
DOI: 10.1097/olq.0000000000000791
Mertz GJ, Benedetti J, Ashley R, Selke SA, Corey L. Risk factors for the sexual transmission of genital herpes. Ann Intern Med. 1992;116(3):197-202.
DOI: 10.7326/0003-4819-116-3-197
Omori R, Abu-Raddad LJ. Sexual network drivers of HIV and herpes simplex virus type 2 transmission. AIDS. 2017;31(12): 1721–32.
DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000001542
Singh A, Preiksaitis J, Romanowski B. The Laboratory Diagnosis of Herpes Simplex Virus Infections. Can J Infect Dis Med Microbiol. 2005;16(2):92–8.
DOI: 10.1155/2005/318294
Chaabane S, Harfouche M, Chemaitelly H, Schwarzer G, Abu-Raddad LJ. Herpes simplex virus type 1 epidemiology in the Middle East and North Africa: systematic review, meta-analyses, and meta-regressions. Sci Rep. 2019;9(1).
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-37833-8
Wani S, Farhana A, Pattnaik S, Nasir R, Fazli T, Zahoor D, Mohiuddin Z, Rashid K. Seroprevalence of Herpes simplex virus 1 & 2 in high risk behavior individuals in a tertiary care centre. JK-Pract. 2019; 24(3-4):23.
Aggarwal A, Kaur R. Seroprevalence of Herpes Simplex Virus-1 AND 2 antibodies in STD clinic patients. Ind J Med Microbiol. 2004;22(4):244–6.
DOI: 10.1016/s0255-0857(21)02771-7
Austin H, Macaluso M, Nahmias A, Lee FK, Kelaghan J, Fleenor M, et al. Correlates of Herpes Simplex Virus Seroprevalence Among Women Attending a Sexually Transmitted Disease Clinic. Sex Transm Dis. 1999;26(6):329–34.
DOI: 10.1097/00007435-199907000-00004
Ameli N, Bacchetti P, Morrow RA, Hessol NA, Wilkin T, Young M, et al. Herpes simplex virus infection in women in the WIHS: Epidemiology and effect of antiretroviral therapy on clinical manifestations. AIDS. 2006;20(7):1051–8.
DOI:10.1097/01.aids.0000222078.75867.77
Korr G, Thamm M, Czogiel I, Poethko-Mueller C, Bremer V, Jansen K. Decreasing seroprevalence of herpes simplex virus type 1 and type 2 in Germany leaves many people susceptible to genital infection: time to raise awareness and enhance control. BMC Infect Dis. 2017;17(1).
DOI: 10.1186/s12879-017-2527-1
Gilbert M, Li X, Petric M, Krajden M, Isaac-Renton JL, Ogilvie G, et al. Using Centralized Laboratory Data to Monitor Trends in Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 and 2 Infection in British Columbia and the Changing Etiology of Genital Herpes. Can J Pub Health. 2011;102(3): 225–9.
DOI: 10.1007/bf03404902
Panda S, Kumar MS, Saravanamurthy PS, Mahalingam P, Vijaylakshmi A, Balakrishnan P, et al. Sexually Transmitted Infections and Sexual Practices in Injection Drug Users and Their Regular Sex Partners in Chennai, India. Sex Transm Dis. 2007;34(4):250–3.
DOI:10.1097/01.olq.0000258485.23066.a6
Ashley RL, Wald A. Genital Herpes: Review of the Epidemic and Potential Use of Type-Specific Serology. Clin Microbiol Rev. 1999;12(1):1–8.
DOI: 10.1128/cmr.12.1.1
Anderson NW, Buchan BW, Ledeboer NA. Light Microscopy, Culture, Molecular, and Serologic Methods for Detection of Herpes Simplex Virus. J Clin Microbiol. 2013;52(1):2–8.
DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01966-13
Msuya SE, Mbizvo E, Hussain A, Sam NE, Jeansson S, Stray-Pedersen B. Seroprevalence and Correlates of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 Among Urban Tanzanian Women. Sex Transm Dis. 2003;30(7):588–92.
DOI: 10.1097/00007435-200307000-00011
Xu F, Sternberg MR, Kottiri BJ, McQuillan GM, Lee FK, Nahmias AJ, et al. Trends in Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 and Type 2 Seroprevalence in the United States. JAMA. 2006;296(8):964.
DOI: 10.1001/jama.296.8.964
Singh K, Sidhu SK, Devi P, Kaur M, Kaur M, Singh N. Seroprevalence of common viral diseases: A hospital based study from Amritsar, India. J Clin Diag Res. 2016; 10(12): DC15.
DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2016/22514.9019
Olsson J, Kok E, Adolfsson R, Lövheim H, Elgh F. Herpes virus seroepidemiology in the adult Swedish population. Imm Ageing. 2017;14(1).
DOI: 10.1186/s12979-017-0093-4
Oberle MW, Guinan ME, Nahmias AJ, Sanchez-Braverman M, Rosero-Bixby L, Lee FK. Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 Antibodies: High Prevalence in Monogamous Women in Costa Rica. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1989;41(2):224–9.
DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.1989.41.224
Johnston C, Zhu J, Jing L, Laing KJ, McClurkan CM, Klock A, et al. Virologic and Immunologic Evidence of Multifocal Genital Herpes Simplex Virus 2 Infection. J Virol. 2014;88(9):4921–31
DOI: 10.1128/jvi.03285-13
Gottlieb SL, Deal CD, Giersing B, Rees H, Bolan G, Johnston C, et al. The global roadmap for advancing development of vaccines against sexually transmitted infections: Update and next steps. Vaccine. 2016;34(26): 2939–47.
DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.03.111
-
Abstract View: 122 times
PDF Download: 43 times